The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 958 Words

Who is affected by slavery? Frederick Douglass would argue that all people are damaged by the establishment of a slave state throughout his masterpiece by displaying to the reader how cruel people become when they diminish humans to mere possessions. In â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, Frederick Douglass in addition to revealing the horrors committed upon black slaves, shows a unique perspective on how slavery negatively affects white slave owners themselves. Slavery does in fact affect the slave owner and Douglas experiences this first hand through Sophia Auld by slowly watching her decay from being a caring person that even educated Douglass, to a cruel bitter slave owner that no longer cared about him. Douglass shows the reader how Sophia viewed slaves when she received him with the quote â€Å"The meanest slave was put fully at ease in her presence, and none left without feeling better for having seen her. her face was made of heavenly smiles, and her voice of tranquil music.† Sophia was not accustomed to owning another human being, so she had not yet become cold hearted towards people who were viewed as beneath her. Sophia at first cared for Douglass just like he was family. She was willing to to look him in the eye as they spoke and she was lively. Sophia even began educating Douglass, but â€Å"Mr. Auld found out what was going on, and at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further, telling her, among other things, that it was unlawful, as well asShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Essay Least Developed Countries (LDCs) - 609 Words

Background Main Elements of the Problem and History of the Issue. General Parties Involved. A Least Developed Country (LDC) is a country that is defined as exhibiting the lowest indicator of socioeconomic development. A country can be classified as an LDC if they have low income, a Low Human Assets Index, a High Economic Vulnerability Index, and a population size no larger than 75 million. They must meet all four of these requirements. Origin of the Problem Countries classified as LDCs are often newly developed countries, have been through a war in recent years, or have been devastated by a natural disaster. All of these things can prevent a very stable economy. Whereas if the country was newly put together, the economy has not yet†¦show more content†¦The problem with landlocked LDCs is that they are hard to get relief to. They are often surrounded, or even located, in extremely difficult terrain or are in straight up war zones and protection is hard to come by. 2. Specific Incidents Many of these countries are surviving on a very low capita such as Burundi (Africa). They are survive on about $84 per capita anually compared to the U.S. at $40,000. Average life expectancy if very low too at 51 years compared to 65 in most industrialized nations. The worst part is that most people in LDCs survive on less than $1 a day. YOUR Country’s Position on the Issue What Position Does Your Country Take? For or Against a Particular Country’s Position? Indonesia is completely against BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as a constant polluter of the air. They refuse to cut down on their emissions which often pollutes the water and other natural resources of LDC’s. Actions Taken Indonesia has been unable to influence the member of BRIC but continues to send as much help as possible to LDC’s. Current Stance Indonesia will continue to support the opposition to BRIC and will continue to send resources to LDC’s. Suggestions for a Solution Short Resolution All countries within the U.N. Charter must send humanitarian aid to LDC’s. This aid can be in any form possible. New Ideas Put more restrictions on BRIC countries soShow MoreRelatedLooking at Least Developed Countries 543 Words   |  2 PagesThe Least Developed Countries represent the poorest and weakest segment of the world. They own more than 880 million people (about 12 per cent of world population), but account for less than 2 % of world GDP and about 1 % of global trade in goods (About LDCs, 2014). Their low level of socio-economic development is characterized by weak human and institutional dimensions, low and unequally income and shortage of domestic financial resources. They often suffer from political instability, a problematicRead MoreLeast Depeloping Countries943 Words   |  4 PagesLeast developing countries are the countries which are poor in agricultural that are seeking to become more advanced economically and socially. Most of the countries are developing, less developed or Third World countries. However, the big difference in wealth and economic development amongst Third countries, the concluding are typically characterised by a low average per capita income, high external debt (to foreign banks and states in respect of loans acquired), a strong dependance on agricultureRead MoreEnvironmental Goods Agreement Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Bali, on July 8, 2004 the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) was established. It is believed that after Bali’s su ccess on reciprocity, more countries started to believe in multilateral agreements. The EGA involved forty-six WTO members that wanted to eliminate tariffs on environment-related products. The participants, just to name a few, included USA, EU, Canada, and Korea. These products helped achieve environmental and climate protection, such as creating pure and renewable energy, improvingRead MoreWhat Is The Function Of The World Trade Organization1101 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Goods Agreement, and Aid for trade. The function of the WTO is to promote international trade liberalization by eliminating trade barriers. It is believed that if countries are freely available to trade there will be more wealth and efficiency as each country will specialize on its forte. However, developed countries want trade barriers in order to protect their economies. Types of barriers include: tariffs, non-tariff, discriminatory barriers, and reciprocity. The following hypotheticalRead MoreHealthcare Providers And Policy Makers1562 Words   |  7 Pagessystems, and socioeconomic policies, especially for countries that are already strained in these resources. This systematic review yields four main conclusions in regards to addressing some of the issues that healthcare providers and policy makers in LDCs will have to act upon in order to avoid a drastic future for their ageing populations. First and foremost the information gap on geriatrics needs to be bridged. Researchers in less developed nations are barely scratching the surface on the specificRead MoreForeign Assistance For Foreign Aid1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthe advanced countries for the purpose of encouraging economic growth in developing countries. [Bannock:1988 P.164] However, so as not to confuse foreign aid with the investments of multinational corporations or commercial banks, many economists require foreign aid to meet two distinct criteria: 1) Its objective must be noncommercial from the point of view of the donor and 2) it should be characterized by concessional terms. There are many ways and means of transferring resources to LDC s (Less DevelopedRead MoreLdcs’ Benefits And Wto Dsu . Trade Liberalization Has Been1714 Words   |  7 PagesLDCs’ Benefits and WTO DSU Trade liberalization has been exploited international trade. Protectionism, dumping, national treatment and other unfair trades are destroying those victims as less developing countries. However, after creation, WTO has been doing its job to provide an efficiency, stable and accessible environment to international trades. Increasing of trade laws in dispute settlement as trade-related intellectual rights, countervailing measure, national treatment, anti-dumping and safeguardRead MoreThe Main Determinants Of Money Supply Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesare two competing hypotheses. One model, so called the neutrality theory, developed by Lucas (1972), and Sargent and Wallace (1975) often referred to as LSW proposition, stated that the anticipated monetary shocks would have no effect on real economic variables neither in short run nor in long run; whereas unanticipated monetary shocks should have profound impact on real economic variables. The alternate model developed by Fischer (1 977), and Phelps and Taylor (1977), established that due to theRead MoreThe Hardships Hitting Least Developed Countries1627 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Developed countries are countries which obtain a great level of income and are also referred to as industrialised countries. Developed countries are in support of free market principals, are very advanced in their education levels, technology. They also have high standard of living, and also have a declining rate of population. Least developed countries are not economically stable, their development process is very slow and are known to be very poverty stricken. These LDCs standard ofRead MoreThe World Trade Organization and Intellectual Property Rights1108 Words   |  4 PagesMultinational Corporations (MNCs). While carrying out the amendment, Indian policy makers were confronted with two major concerns, viz. the future of the Indian pharmaceutical industry and access to affordable medicines within the country and other developing countries. Thus the â€Å"major concern was how the adoption of intellectual property regimes would affect their efforts to improve public health, and economic and technological development more generally, particularly if the effect of introducing

Women at Work Free Essays

Assignment: Article summary The article â€Å"Family Coping Strategies: Balancing Paid Employment and Domestic Labour† by Meg Luxton sheds a different view on the responsibilities laid out in family life. In today’s society it’s almost a necessity to have both parents working, to support a family. This fact, along with the improvement of females having independence, is the cause of the ever growing number of working women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women at Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now These, along with many other statistics are showing the rapid improvement and change that woman and families are showing. Year after year we can see the dynamics of the family shifting. It is not the same anymore, that women are the housewives doing all the housework and childcare. However women still have to work to get the equality, and not have to face â€Å"The second shift† once they get home. Husbands need to start stepping up and help out. Workplaces too need to step up, in the sense that they need to try and create better working environments for women. Unions have been formed to try to perfect benefits, and to shed light on the negative aspects they may have. This whole article shows an interesting view on family coping strategies, and gives lots for people to think about. Society’s gender roles are changing significantly with the rise in the amount of women who are contributing to the yearly income of their household’s. It has been proven that because women are starting to contribute to household incomes it has resulted in increased satisfaction between husbands and wives and excuses from males such as â€Å"I’m the one bringing home the money, I deserve to rest when I get home† are becoming less valid. A statistics Canada survey in 1995 stated that 64% of women who worked said it was essential for their happiness and 55% agreed that it was the best way to be independent. Females at work who are married no longer have to depend on their husbands for their needs because they are able to provide them on their own. Unlike the many women who stay with their spouse in an unhappy or abusive relationship due to the resource theory which is a theory that explains how women will not leave in fear that if they do they will not be able to support themselves, most working women with a stable job will easily find the strength to leave because they are more independent. Having a job gives women a sense of control of their lives and an overall high self-esteem because they are recognized by their husbands as well as children for their work. Not only does it give women something to do, it also ensures stability in one’s family income. Here are a few statistics that demonstrate the challenge of balancing paid employment and domestic labor within the family setting in Canada. This challenge arises because of the inequalities between what men and women earn in the work force and also because of the uneven distribution of chores in unpaid domestic labor. If we compare salaries in 1997, men had the higher income of the couple in 77% of Canadian families. (Globe and Mail 21 Feb. 2000). This situation has however improved since the early 60’s when 70% of women in male-female couples were dependent on their spouse as the sole income provider. (Oderkirk, Silver and Prud’homme 1994. ) Also when couples divorced men’s incomes raised on average 10% whereas women’s income usually decreased by 23% in 1997(Toronto Star 10 April 1997). Women feel pressured to work from home or part-time because they are often expected to do most of the domestic labour and this is their way to balance the two. In 1993 they represented nearly 70% of Canadian part-time workers (Ghalam 1993). On sharing of domestic labour front, are still generally the ones to do the bulk of it although men have been more active in this part of family life since the 70’s. Women are involved the most in childcare. In 1998, 80 percent of women spent more than 15 hours on childcare compared to only 49% of men (Statistics Canada 1998a). These statistics show some improvement in the overall equality between the work load divided between men and women in families. However women are still usually found in a position of disadvantage compared to men. The fact that women have joined the work force doesn’t seem to have impacted the way man act at home. Even though there have been many chances throughout the years on how women are seen in society and there role it, there hasn’t been much change when it comes to domestic labour. It is still very sex segregated. In the past adult man were those had the primary responsibility of earning the income for the family while the role for an adult woman was to act as the housewives whose primary responsibility was running the family home, having children and caring for its members. Yet now that women share the responsibility of bringing in the income, the logic would that man also help around the house but instead what is now happening is that women find themselves carrying out the â€Å"double shift†, where they go to work in the morning and then they go home to cook, lean, get the kids to bed and have their things prepared for next day. Due to this inequality of household work between men and women, women find themselves at a disadvantage because they have to learn to balance both domestic labour and paid work, which results in them not putting as much effort in their job as they could, therefore they do not reach their best potential which results in lack of opportunities for them. Some wor kplace calls their work â€Å"family friendly†. What this means for them is: women can come at work a bit earlier and leave earlier. A few women have struggled to make workplaces more cooperative for their person lives. They have fought for maternity, parental, etc. in order to take care of their love ones. â€Å"Family friendly† workplace as well includes women taking their specific amount of â€Å"sickness days† (allowed days off) to go take care of their family and once those days ended, therefore will unpaid for additional days taken. Some will have three weeks off to taking care of their hospitalized husband but will be paid only one week. They are basically losing 66. 7% of their paycheck due that. Those women will have to leave their husband at home to take care of themselves and will have to go back to work due to the time allowed was only three weeks. What the employers do not know is the fact they become anxious therefore difficult to focus at work. Most workplace relies on women workers who are experienced or more skilled because it is hard to replace them. Therefore, those women are more advantaged to have more privilege than others. The time you have off at work it is very limited that women will have to sacrifice in order to balance family and paid work. Employers do not understand or ignores the fact that those women have family and the time (days off allowed) given is insufficient for them. In conclusion nowadays it’s harder to survive with only one income so both men and women have to bring an income to be able to accommodate to today’s needs. A job for women brings a sense of control to their life and independence. Although employers have given benefits to women such as maternity leave which is great because women don’t have to worry about since they will have an income coming while caring for their newborn , yet these benefits that employers give them can sometimes be seen as superficial because they know that women tend to need to leave work more often than men ( because they take care of the family) employers are most likely going to ive promotion to men or hiring men for the more important position witch leaves women in what is known as the glass ceiling where their chances of going up in their career is reduced . Women don’t only face inequality at work but they also face it at home where domestic labour is still sex segregation and women come home to the second shift where they are expected to take care of household work. We all need to realize that women are both important in the workforce and for the childrearing therefore we should encourage them to keep doing both by giving them the proper support that they deserve. How to cite Women at Work, Essay examples

Business Research Report Proposal Business Feasibility

Questions: 1. Identify a business research topic. 2. Define the research questions for the identified problem or opportunity. 3. Select the appropriate research methodologies and techniques to use for the research project. 4. Describe the research process. 5. Describe data collection and analysis methods. 6. Describe expected research outcomes. Answers: 1.0. Introduction This research proposal has tried to investigate the business feasibility of taking Jhilmil (Nepal based Candle Company) to Leichhardt Sydney. Jhilmil is one of the leading candle making companies in Nepal, capturing hearts with its alluring aroma across the country. What sets Jhilmil candles apart from its competitors is that their fragrances are purely natural. Some of the most popular fragrances are Sandalwood, Nardostachys jatamansi, Rhododendron anthopogon, Juniperus communis, Zingiber officinale The candles are made of Beeswax, which mostly appeal to the consumers who are fond of natural products (Cagle and Brown 2015). Taking ones business abroad comes with a distinctive set of opportunities and challenges. Going international means expanding ones market which would lead to greater sales but there are also a set of considerations that cannot be ignored. One has to be aware of the legal issues, culture, and trends prevalent in the proposed country (Sitkin and Brownen 2013).Opening a candle business in Leichhardt Sydney, an area that is celebrated for its rich European culture can prove to be a successful one if wise decisions are made at each step of the business endeavour. 2.0. Definition of the Research problem It is always a bright idea for a business enterprise or a company to look beyond ones boundary and comfort zone. There are always business opportunities waiting to be reaped if right business decisions are taken at the right time (Hair et al. 2015). Expanding one's business to a new country altogether can often leave the owner perplexed as to how should the business activities go about. Operating in an alien country with no previous knowledge about their political, economic and social norms can be a risky affair. The problem area of this research proposal is identifying the probable opportunities and threats that Jhilmil candles would be facing if it takes its candle business to Leichhardt Sydney. This will indicate the overall feasibility of the business idea. 2.1. Research questions What can be the probable demand for candles in Leichhardt Sydney? What is the level of competition for the candle making business in Leichhardt Sydney? What are the legality issues that can be faced in opening a candle business in the proposed area, Leichhardt Sydney? How will the candles be sold to the target groups (shops, tie-ups with event coordinations, etc.)? 2.2. Approach to the Problem As discussed above, Jhilmil candles (Nepal) will have to consider the strengths, opportunities, weakness, and threats before taking their business to the city of Sydney, Australia. If proper analysis of the situation is not undertaken, it might lead to huge losses for the company as taking ones business to a different country altogether involves many risks (Islam et al. 2014). This research proposal seeks to describe the research process to be conducted using appropriate research methodologies and techniques. This research proposal will make a genuine attempt to describe the data collection and analysis methods and accordingly give suggestions for the proposed business Endeavour. 3.0. Literature Review To evaluate the profitable prospects of business when it moves to new market segments, a thorough study of the strengths and weaknesses of the business should be conducted. This will help the business in evaluating its strong points so that they can take advantages of the plus points, which the business organization has. Keeping a track on weaknesses that the organization has will help the business work on its problem areas (Jacobs 2012). A close introspection is necessary when the business is planning to embark upon expanding its business because unless it does so, it will not be able to run its business successfully in a different territory altogether. It is also imperative on the business organization to study the opportunities that it can take advantage of, which will assist the business to function in the proposed new market segment smoothly. An opportunity could be a gap in the supply of the products, which is in huge demand among the target segment. It could also be in the form of availability of mergers and alliances with which the business can indulge in tie-ups (Okoro 2012).An analysis of threats should be considered before expanding one's business beyond the regional boundaries. Threats could be the legal issues that can be faced in the name of taxes or the competition from substitutes, better distribution facilities enjoyed by the competitors, etc. The Candle industry is one of the most booming industries that are prevalent in the present era. A major component of home dcors, it enhances the overall look of the rooms in which it kept as a piece of art. Scented candles have gained huge popularity among the consumers worldwide since the last decade and have almost become a trend in households and restaurants all the same (Hair et al. 2015). They not only give an elegant look to the rooms in which they are decorated in but also spread an alluring aroma all around. Jhilmil is a well-established candle business, which has its factory and warehouse in Katmandu, Nepal. They sell their candles all over the country and are a huge favorite among the masses. The company abides by the ASTM International candle safety standards and has all the safety guidelines mentioned on its label. Leichhardt is an area in Sydney which has rich European culture and is also known as little Italy of Sydney. It has a huge number of Italian restaurants, beautiful gardens, and open areas and is a home to a number of famous art galleries. Jhilmil candles have an opportunity to supply their candles in the restaurants in Leichhardt as elements of dcor (Nunan et al. 2013). Since it is a Nepal based company, it should be aware of the legal and cultural scenario in Sydney before establishing their business in the area. Issues regarding the warehouse facilities and the current competition in the area should also be considered. 4.0. Research methodology In this research proposal, quantitative research methodology is chosen to gather data, which represents the targeted population. To understand the business feasibility of a Nepal based Candle Company, planning to open a business in Sydney Australia, quantitative research methods are used. This quantifies the behavioral attributes like opinions, likes, dislikes, expectations, etc. (Sheng et al. 2016). Leichhardt is a major tourist attraction in Sydney and therefore quantitative interviews and surveys will be conducted among the tourists, locals and the owners of restaurants based in Leichhardt, Sydney. 4.1. Secondary Research Secondary data refers to the data that have already been collected by researchers while conducting their study survey as suggested by Segaran and Bougie. This can involve taking data from two previous primary research results and then decode a conclusion of their own. This saves time and energy and gives scope to concentrate on the study at hand. Help can be taken from other relevant sources and articles on the internet (Okoro 2012). 4.2. Primary Research According to Naresh, primary research can be considered as original research. They are the first-hand account of data collected concerning the topic of study. The methods of collecting primary data depend on the decision of the owner of the business enterprise. They can be questionnaires, which the respondents fill manually (Jacobs 2012). There will be quantitative interviews conducted among the restaurant owners, locals and the tourists of Leichardt, Sydney. 4.3. Research Process The research process will comprise of the collection of data and information among the locals, restaurant owners and the tourists through Quantitative interviews and surveys that will be conducted in person. This will give a better insight into the likes, dislikes opinions, and expectations about candles among the respondents (Sitkin and Browen 2013). The questions will be easy to understand and will be closed ended so that it is convenient for the respondents to answer. This will also ensure that the data is analyzed and evaluated without much hindrance. 4.4 Data Collection and Analysis The data collected through the quantitative interviews and surveys is evaluated in a tabular format for easy understanding of the facts and figures (Wong and Wright 2013). A statistical analysis will then be prepared based on the tabular data. Further, devising of graphs will help in anticipating the feasibility of opening up the candle business in the Leichhardt area of Sydney. 5.0. Expected Research Outcomes This research proposal has attempted to figure out the business prospects of Jhilmil Candles (Nepal) in Leichardt, Sydney. Since this area is famous all over the globe for its rich Italian culture and heritage and is renowned for its numerous Italian restaurants, which is a huge attraction for tourists, supplying designer and fragmented candles to the restaurants of Leichardt, might prove profitable for Jhilmil candles. The interviews and surveys conducted among the locals, tourists and the restaurant owners of Leichardt, Sydney, suggest that they are quiet enticed by the idea of candles as a major component of the dcor of the restaurants. Such an outcome will give a boost to the given company, Jhilmil Candles (Nepal) to carry out its business venture in the little Italy of Sydney, Leichardt. References: Cagle, J.E. and Brown, R.W., The Yankee Candle Company, Inc., 2015.System and method of manufacturing a composite candle wick. U.S. Patent 8,926,781. Hair Jr, J.F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A.H., Samouel, P. and Page, M.J., 2015. Essentials of business research methods. Routledge. Islam, M., Rizvi, M.H., Khan, T.A. and Hasanuzzaman, M., 2014, June. Development of Ceramic Candle Filters by Slip Casting Process. In Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 608, pp. 85-90). Jacob, F. and Weiber, R., 2015. Business market research. InFundamentals of business-to-business marketing(pp. 275-325). Springer International Publishing. Jacobs, C., 2012. Herbal Infused Candles. U.S. Patent Application 13/691,768. Nunan, D. and Di Domenico, M., 2013. Market research and the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.2-13. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International Journal of Business and Management, 7(16), p.130. Patel, V.K., Pieper, T.M. and Hair, J.F., 2012. The global family business: Challenges and drivers for cross-border growth. Business Horizons, 55(3), pp.231-239. Poynter, R., Williams, N. and York, S., 2014.The Handbook of Mobile Market Research: Tools and Techniques for Market Researchers. John Wiley Sons. Sheng, L. and Yang, D.T., 2016. Expanding export variety: The role of institutional reforms in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 118, pp.45-58. Sitkin, A. and Bowen, N., 2013. International business: challenges and choices. Oxford University Press. Terrell, S.R., 2012. Mixed-methods research methodologies. The Qualitative Report, 17(1), pp.254-280.

Project Failure Deepwater Horizon and the Bp Oil Spill Essay Example

Project Failure: Deepwater Horizon and the Bp Oil Spill Essay Introduction The Deepwater Horizon rig sank on April 22, 2010, two days after the Macondo well blowout and explosion that killed 11 workers. The Deepwater Horizon accident, also known as the BP Oil Spill, was a project failure of immense proportions. It went from an oil exploration â€Å"project† to a massive program with portfolios of projects related to dealing with the families of those killed on the oil rig, stopping the oil leak, capturing the oil (from the well and from the ocean), cleaning the environment (seashores, wetlands, Gulf of Mexico), saving and cleaning wildlife (underwater and on shores), responding to human needs (fishermen, economically impacted families), dealing with the public (PR campaigns), dealing with shareholders and employees, and dealing with governments(state and federal). The mission and scope changed and grew significantly over night. It changed from a $500 million oil prospect development project to over a $100 billion program with global reach and hundreds of projects. In addition, the inability of BP to stop the flow in a timely manner, communication problems by BP management, and long lasting negative media coverage of the slow reaction to the spill have resulted in serious negative consequences for BP, subcontractors on the project and the oil exploration industry as a whole. Additionally, the US federal government responded to the accident with poor organization and leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Failure: Deepwater Horizon and the Bp Oil Spill specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Failure: Deepwater Horizon and the Bp Oil Spill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Failure: Deepwater Horizon and the Bp Oil Spill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Analyzing the chain of events, some of the lessons from the failure become very apparent including the facts that BP and Transocean risk management plans were inadequate, BP was not prepared for the accident (or any accident for the most part), project management mistakes were made during drilling of the well, communication blunders were made by BP executives following the accident, the impact on the environment and stakeholders were underestimated, and the future of a company can be at risk from a critical failure of this magnitude. The DeepWater incident was largely a result of poor initial project planning, inadequate project risk management, poor project management execution including decision making and communication, and unprepared crisis management on the part of BP and the US government in the event of project failure. This paper will analyze the series of events leading up to the April 20, 2011, disaster, the decisions and lack of actions which compounded the possibility and severity of project failure and the mishandling of the crisis that ensued after the failure of the well. Background On March 19, 2008, BP acquired the federal lease for Mississippi Canyon Block 252, located in 4,992 feet of water 50 miles southeast of Venice, Louisiana for just over $34 Million from the Minerals Management Service (MMS). BP was highly confident in the seismic data and the presence of oil that the company proceeded to implement the project of drilling a $100 Million well named, Macondo. BP hired Transocean to supply the crew and the oil drilling rig to drill the well. On October 7, 2009, drilling began on the Macondo well using Transocean’s Marianas semisubmersible oil rig. The Marianas operated to a depth of 4,023 feet below the mudline, or 9,000 feet below sea level before it was damaged on November 9, 2009, by Hurricane Ida. Work on the Macondo well was suspended until January 31, 2010, when the Deepwater Horizon rig was delivered to the site. The Deepwater Horizon was a 33,000 ton semisubmersible oil rig which was controlled by a satellite guided dynamic positioning system and had a series of thrusters to keep it afloat. The Deepwater rig was extremely technologically advanced and viewed by many in the oil industry as having superior technology that was foolproof to error. On February 8, 2010, the Deepwater crew placed a blowout preventer on the well in 5,067 feet of water and used remotely operated vehicles to guide the preventer to the latching collet on the well head using video feeds. Once the preventer was latched up, the riser was hung in the tensioning system, the other necessary lines were hung, and the drilling commenced on the well. Research now shows that over the ensuing next three months, the Macondo well had multiple incidents of trouble which continued until the disastrous day when the well blew out and went out of control. During the early drilling in shallow depths, the crew experienced multiple well problems, gas kicks, and dangerous lost circulation zones-sometimes all at once. On four occasions prior to the blowout, the crew experienced well-control events. During one of the well-control problems, a drill pipe became stuck and could not move in or out of the hole. A stuck pipe can be very dangerous and is indicative of poor well hole conditions. After fighting the stuck pipe for a week, the crew separated the pipe from the assembly and placed a cement cap plug on it and continued to drill a sidetrack hole at 17,500 feet. As the days wore on, the crew became wary after experiencing multiple kicks, lost circulation, and stuck pipe to the point that Mike Williams testified to the Joint Investigation Committee in July 2010 that the crew had been calling it the â€Å"Well from Hell†. (In Too Deep pg25) After weeks of battling the well, the well reached its total depth of over 18,200 feet and the engineers ran measurements to analyze the subsurface intervals, their content, and their pressures. These measurements were used to make the decision to run pipe to the bottom of the well and to prepare the well for temporary abandonment prior to production. At this point, the engineers may have made a mistake which contributed to the well blow out. BP engineers decided to run one long string of casing from the bottom of the well all the way to the wellhead. This decision resulted in the only protection provided for the flow of oil and gas in to the wellbore was the cement that would be pumped down the casing and capped with a seal assembly at the well head. If the cement failed, the oil and gas could travel up the pipe to the well head and escape uncontrolled. BP chose a cementing design which had one avenue of protection through a single cap as opposed to other designs that had multiple layers cementing and caps which provided additional protection in case of well failure. By choosing this single cap well design, the BP engineers knowingly chose a less safe design and their managers willingly approved the decision. Haliburton was the cementing servicing company hired by BP to cement the well and attach the seal assembly to cap off the well until a new rig was connected to initial actual oil production. Haliburton supplied the cement used in the sealing of the well which is now known to have been of inferior quality. According to the BP team’s plan, if the cementing went smoothly, Haliburton could skip a scheduled cement evaluation. Planning The project plan for the Macondo well should have been one unique to the well itself. The research of the Deepwater incident indicates that the plan for the well was changed on multiple occasions and management seemed to be influencing decisions based on financial and schedule implications rather that the risk implications the decisions might present. Additionally, the lack of a clear project plan resulted in a poor organizational structure and accountability of the multiple subcontractors involved with the project. There were numerous occasions in which the crew of the Deepwater which was comprised of employees from BP, Transocean and Haliburton were unsure of which company was in charge at different points of the project. The lack of planning was even more evident within the issues of the inadequate risk planning and the execution problems that contributed to the failure of the project. As a result of the failure, a disaster comprised of death and monumental environmental damage was poorly addressed in that crisis management planning had not been addressed in the planning for the project as well. The crisis to contain the well itself would have been more readily addressed by BP had the company anticipated a blowout as a possible risk and therefore had a crisis management plan which had been communicated to all of its crew members. Instead the crisis itself is a First, on April 20, the oil and gas industry was unprepared to respond to a deepwater blowout, and the federal government was similarly unprepared to provide meaningful supervision. Second, in a compressed timeframe, BP was able to design, build, and use new containment technologies, while the federal government was able to develop effective oversight capacity. Both industry and government must build on knowledge acquired during the Deepwater Horizon spill to ensure that such a failure of planning does not recur Planning is even more important during a crisis. Such projects can be described as turnaround projects, where every minute is critical. Turnaround projects are often planned for months in advance, scheduled in minutes, with a well defined set of actions which are constantly monitored, and everyone prepared in advance for everything they need to do. BP and its subcontractors did not use their initial planning to develop disaster response or recovery plans. Without this type of planning built into the initial framework, time and lives can be lost when a company is forced to react to a disaster such as the Deepwater. ttp://www. oilspillcommission. gov/sites/default/files/documents/C21462-408_CCR_for_web_0. pdf Execution Failure The lack of a clear, unique plan for the Macondo project exacerbated the likelihood of problems during the execution of the drilling of the well. Additionally, Deepwater rig had several players involved with the project which resulted in a complex interrelationship among several companies all of whom had differ ent roles and conflicting interpretations of their accountability and responsibilities. Transocean was the owner and responsible for running the rig. Haliburton was a servicing subcontractor who was responsible for cementing the well. BP was lease owner and operator of the Macondo well and in that capacity had both the overall responsibility for everything that went on including promoting a culture of safety on the rig. BP’s safety culture failed on the night of April 20, 2010, as reflected in the actions of BP personnel on- and offshore and in the actions of BP’s contractors Research prior to April 20 shows that most crew members felt that safety was not a priority for BP or any of the other contractors on the rig. A survey during the second week of March showed that 46 percent of crew members surveyed felt that crewmembers feared reprisals for reporting unsafe situations and 15 percent felt that there were not always enough people available to carry out work safely. This extensive involvement of these contractors underscored the compelling need for BP to properly communicate a clear decision making process as well as emphasize safety. This poor safety culture was also evident in the meeting the day before the Deepwater accident in which the Transocean managers discussed with their BP counterparts the backlog of rig maintenance. A September 2009 BP safety audit had produced a 30-page list of 390 items requiring 3,545 man-hours of work. The lack of a safety culture may have contributed to the fact that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean did not adequately identify or address risks of an accident—not in the well design, cementing, or temporary abandonment procedures. Their management systems were marked by poor communications among BP, Transocean, and Halliburton employees regarding the risks associated with decisions being made. The decision making process on the rig was excessively compartmentalized, so individuals on the rig frequently made critical decisions without fully appreciating just how essential the decisions were to well safety—singly and in combination. As a result, officials made a series of decisions that saved BP, Halliburton, and Transocean time and money—but without full appreciation of the associated risks. There were several causes for execution failure that were identified after the accident. First, the cement that BP and Halliburton pumped into to the bottom of the well did not seal off hydrocarbons in the well. This was caused by the engineers changing the plans for the cement job during the effort due to drilling complications that were encountered. As a result, the engineers approved a lower volume of cement to be used in the process. This lower amount of cement resulted in the well not being sealed with a proper amount of cement weight. Second, the cement slurry used in the sealing of the well was poorly designed. Halliburton’s own internal tests showed that the cement mixture was unstable but the company still used the mixture on the Deepwater well. Lastly, the temporary abandonment procedures for the well were finalized at the last minute by BP and required the crew to severely underbalance the well before installing any additional barriers to back up the cement job. Risk Management BP failed to analyze the risk possibilities and plan risk mitigation strategies for the Macondo project. This lack of risk planning and mitigation can be attributed to several factors including: a bias in the oil industry itself which dismissed the possibility of a disaster as monumental as the Deepwater Horizon, a BP management culture which stressed cost savings and time savings in decision making, and a lack of a detailed crisis management plan in an industry whose failures can be monumental. Risk Management and the Oil Industry Bias The Deepwater incident has resulted in a dramatic reassessment of the risks associated with offshore drilling. Before April 20, many in the oil industry felt that drilling was safer in deep than in shallow waters. Since deepwater rigs worked farther off the coast, it would take longer for spilt oil to reach shore, giving more time for intervention to protect the coast. Also, the companies working in the deeper waters were typically the â€Å"big guys† of the oil industry who could afford to utilize more advanced technologies than the smaller firms working near the coast. Therefore, many believed that these companies were more adept at handling challenging conditions with the more technologically advanced equipment. Additionally, there had been no major well blowouts in federal offshore waters since 1970, which made the chances of another one seem remote. Another problem for appropriate risk assessment was the failure to adequately consider published data on recurring problems in offshore drilling. This included powerful â€Å"kicks† of unexpected pressures that sometimes led to a loss of well control, failing blowout preventer systems, and the drilling of relief wells. These problems occurred rarely and were of minor consequence relative to the number of wells in the world. However, these issues demonstrated that wells do not perform in a flawless manner and must be assessed for in risk planning. Additionally, working in the deeper depths of the ocean posed a numerous problems after a loss of well control or a blow out due to failure of the blow out preventer. Before the Deepwater accident, little attention was devoted to containment of a blown out well in the deepwater, largely because its occurrence was considered so unlikely. Therefore, many of the same technologies used for the blow out preventers in shallow water drilling were used in deepwater drilling with little innovation. That is despite the fact that containment problems become much more challenging and real-time decisions become more difficult when working in extreme depths of the ocean. Connecting and maintaining blowout preventers thousands of feet beneath the surface can only be performed by remote-operating vehicles. â€Å"A 2007 article in Drilling Contractor described how blowout preventer requirements got tougher as drilling went deeper, because of low temperatures and high pressures at the ocean bottom. The author discussed taking advantage of advances in metallurgy to use higher-strength materials in the blowout preventers’ ram connecting rods or ram-shafts. More generally, he suggested â€Å"some fundamental paradigm shifts† were needed across a broad range of blowout-preventer technologies to deal with deepwater conditions. † Page 51 pres book All things considered, the oil industry itself was overconfident and somewhat negligent in assessing the need for comprehensive and detailed risk management planning that addressed all facets of possibilities of failure within an oil well. Instead, the industry disregarded many of the possibilities as impossibilities despite the contrary research. This widespread view among the oil industry was reflected in the culture of the BP management and may have influenced some of appeasement with the lack of planning on the Macondo project. Risk Management and Decision Making BP had a tarnished reputation for safety. Among other BP accidents, 15 workers died in a 2005 explosion at its Texas City, Texas, refinery. In 2006, there was a major oil spill from a badly corroded BP pipeline in Alaska. As of April 20, BP and the Macondo well were almost six weeks behind schedule and more than $58 million over budget. BP did not adequately identify or address risks created by last-minute changes to well design and procedures. BP changed its plans repeatedly and up to the very last minute, sometimes causing confusion and frustration among BP employees and rig personnel. ? When BP did send instructions and procedures to rig personnel, it often provided inadequate detail and guidance. ? It is common in the offshore oil industry to focus on increasing efficiency to save rig time and associated costs. But management processes must ensure that measures taken to save time and reduce costs do not adversely affect overall risk. BP‘s management processes did not do so. ? Halliburton appears to have done little to supervise the work of its key cementing personnel and does not appear to have meaningfully reviewed data that should have prompted it to redesign the Macondo cement slurry. ? Transocean did not adequately train its employees in emergency procedures and kick detection, and did not inform them of crucial lessons learned from a similar and recent near-miss drilling incident When the BP engineers were faced with making a decision on the well design, they chose a design with one preventative layer. If the engineers would have put more credence into the high risks associated with deep well drilling, they may have picked a design which encompassed risk mitigation of several layers which prepared for failure. Additionally, by not really putting credence into the possibility of a well blowout, the engineers and BP management negated risk planning for the possibility of the environmental amage which could be caused by such a sizeable well having a blowout. In a case of an uncontrolled blowout, large volumes of oil and gas would be uncontrollably spewed into the environment. Transocean, for instance, was a major contractor for the Macondo well and is the world’s largest operator of offshore oil rigs, including the Deepwater Horizon; Transocean personnel made up the largest number of crew members on the rig at the time of the accident, and 9 of the 11 men who died on April 20 worked for the company. number of the mistakes made on the rig can be directly traced to Transocean personnel, including inadequate monitoring of the Macondo well for problems during the temporary abandonment procedures and failure to divert the mud and gas away from the rig during the first few minutes of the blowout. Project Crisis Management The effort and resources needed to contain and control the blowout of the Macondo well were unprecedented. From April 20, 2010, the day the well blew out, until September 19, 2010, when the government finally declared it dead, BP expended enormous resources to develop and deploy new technologies that eventually captured a substantial amount of oil at the wellhead and, after 87 days, stopped the flow of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The government organized a team of scientists and engineers, who took a crash course in petroleum engineering and, over time, were able to provide oversight of BP, in combination with the Coast Guard and the Minerals Management Service (MMS). BP had to construct novel devices, and the government had to mobilize personnel on the fly, because neither was ready for a disaster of this nature in such ocean depths. BP initially underestimated the scale of the disaster and overestimated their ability to address it. Therefore, there was little action in the days following the accident that resembled crisis management. Two days after the explosion, BP had mobilized a mere 32 vessels and 4 aircraft. To be in full response capacity, BP needed 205 times the number of vessels and 32 times the number of aircraft initially deployed. It took until nearly Day 80 before BP was a full response capacity. http://strategicppm. wordpress. com/2010/08/03/bps-project-management-of-the-deepwater-disaster/ This understated reaction was driven by the belief that the well was only leaking 5,000 barrels a day. In reality, the well was leaking ten times that amount. At day 31, the government established a public underwater feed and panel of experts to analyze the flow rate. This resulted in all parties becoming fully aware as of the amount of oil leaking from the well and the response effort of BP and the US government continued to increase. BP immediately focused on repairing the failed the blowout preventer for the first ten days after the explosion. BP did not have planned alternatives to address the incident of a blown out well. Therefore, when the blowout preventer could not be repaired, BP had to develop alternate solutions. These solutions were explored sequentially,  rather than in parallel, which caused further delay. The exception to that was the digging of relief wells which take several months to complete. BP did not have any alternate solutions prepared and developed in advance to be deployed immediately during a time of crisis. The facts indicate that BP didn’t understand (or didn’t want to understand) the scale of the project it was involved in. Government Response Failure The failure of the US federal government to react to the Deepwater disaster is comprised of two components- pre-disaster regulatory efforts and post disaster readiness and response preparedness. First, the government organizations which were tasked to regulate the oil industry for safety compliance were not doing their jobs. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) was responsible for approving the disaster plans of the oil companies as well as regulating their actions in the environment with the Environmental Protection Agency. It is now evident that MMS failed miserably in the oversight of the offshore oil industry. The agency’s resources did not keep pace with the oil industry’s expansion into deeper waters and reliance on more demanding technologies. As a result, MMS was not familiar with many of the technologies presented by oil companies and as a result it frequently relented to a lower number of required tests including testing on blow out preventers. Ironically, BP did have an Oil Spill Response Plan for the Gulf of Mexico applicable to the Macondo well in the MMSfiles. The plan identified three different worst-case scenarios that ranged from 28,033 to 250,000 barrels of oil discharge and used identical language to analyze the shoreline impacts under each scenario. Five of the pages were copied from material on NOAA websites and as a result were not specific to the Gulf of Mexico region. As a result, the BP Oil Spill Response Plan described biological resources nonexistent in the Gulf—including sea lions, sea otters, and walruses. Even more troubling, the MMS Gulf of Mexico Regional Office approved the BP plan without additional analysis. There is little evidence that MMS or BP gave any scrutiny to the contents of the Oil Spill Response Plan submitted. However, the MMS Regional Office did adhere to the timeline to review and approve oil-spill response plans within 30 days of their receipt. This lack of emphasis on the content of the response plan surely contributed to the lack of planning on both the part of the government and BP. As a result, when the disaster struck the MMS and the US federal government reacted slowly to the event. For the first couple of weeks the government barely reacted as it thought BP was more prepared and capable to deal with the spill. When it became evident that BP was coming up with solutions on a day to day basis, the government became more involved with the process. MMS was disbanded 19 days into the disaster. The government continued to work with BP and the other parties to find solutions to killing the well as well as manage the economic impact the disaster was having on the Gulf states. All in all it can be assessed that the US federal government was even less prepared than BP itself. Conclusion Based on the mindset and common practices, it was only a matter of time for this kind of accident to occur within the oil industry. An accident, and certainly any disaster, can be considered as a disruptive event. After a disruptive event, anything and everything can change, with serious repercussions. Many disruptive events can be both predicted and planned for. This should be a major element of the risk planning associated with major programs and projects. And disruptive events can have unexpected and significant consequences – in this case, enormous impact on the environment, BP market valuation, BP’s public image and credibility, many other BP projects and people, public perception of both BP and the oil industry itself, and possibly BP survival. The lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon project disaster and the BP Oil Spill will continue to influence the regulation of the oil industry into the future. BP learned that adequate project planning and risk management analysis is essential in the event of a project failure. Additionally, a crisis management plan for an unplanned disaster should always be in place prior to any possibility of occurrence. BP’s $500 million oil prospect development project became a crisis management project which has cost over $100 billion to date. BP will continue to struggle with its public relations image as well as continue to deal with endless lawsuits and environmental and economic claims into the future. BP’s lack of planning, lack of risk management analysis and lack of a crisis management plan in the face of project failure could have resulted in the demise of the company altogether. The Deepwater incident will continue to serve as an example to project managers everywhere that the basic concepts of project management should never be neglected, even when you are one of the largest companies in the world. - Bibliography â€Å"BP’s Project Management of the  Deepwater  Disaster† StrategicPPM. com. 3 August 2010. 28 May 2011 http://strategicppm. wordpress. com/2010/08/03/bps-project-management-of-the-deepwater-disaster/ Cavnar, Bob. Disaster on the Horizon: High Stakes, High Risks, and the Story Behind the Deepwater Well Blowout. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2010. Kuzmeski, Maribeth. â€Å"Pinpointing BP’s Pitfalls: Eight Ways to Reconnect After a Disaster† PM World Today, Vol. XII Issue VII July 2010. 28 May 2011 http://www. pmworldtoday. net/tips/2010/july/Pinpointing-BP-Pitfalls. html Lepsinger, Rick. â€Å"Execution Meltdown: Four Key Failures That Sank BP. † . † PM World Today, Vol. XII Issue VIII August 2010. 28 May 2011 http://www. pmworldtoday. net/tips/2010/aug/Execution-Meltdown. html Maltzman, Rich, et al. â€Å"Green Project Management and the BP Deepwater Horizon Spill. † PM World Today, Vol. XII Issue IX- September 2010. 28 May

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Company Background The BMW Group is the only manufacturer of automobiles andmotorcycles worldwide that concentrates entirely on premium standards andoutstanding quality for all its brands and across all relevant segments. With the brands BMW, MINI andRolls-Royce Motor Cars, the BMW Group has been focussing on selected premiumsegments in the international automobile market since the year 2000. In thesucceeding years, the launch of the BMW 1 Series meant an expansion of themodel range in the premium segment of the lower middle class and the BMW 6Series did likewise in the segment of the large CoupÃÆ'Â ©s and Convertibles. TheMINI marque was launched and production began in the Oxford plant in 2001. In2003, the BMW Group assumed marque responsibility for Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.At the same time, the Worldwide Head Office and Manufacturing Plant inGoodwood, GB, was built. ( AnInternal and corporate analysis in terms of strength, weaknesses, opportunitiesand threats (SWOT) will assist in gaining an understanding of where BMW iscurrently in terms of strengths and where improvement is required within thebusiness and what outside environmental threats it may face as well as what newopportunities are available to the company in the short and medium term. Figure 1:BMW SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS Diverse ranges of Products BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce Strong Cash Flow Position Increase turnover and trading profits Strong Balance Sheet Worlds leading Premium Quality Automobile Manufacturer Brand Awareness Human resources Capabilities to turn resources into advantages OPPORTUNITIES New Products Market shift to globalisation Innovation Alliances Customers demand change to more comfortable and relevantly cheap cars Diversification New Technologies in Automobiles WEAKNESSES Perception of High Prices Customer disinterest Environmental issues: Pollutions Buyer sophistication and knowledge Substitute products or technologies THREATS New existing competition Volatility in Price of Fuel New legislations Consequences of the oil crisis September 11th Economic recession Market shift to globalisation Takeover bids Far-East Automobile companies expansion Extremely high competition for customers and resources The Five Forces Model Figure2: Five Forces Model ACCA Paper 3.5 (2001) Threats from Potential entrants Suppliers Bargaining power Competitive Rivalry Buyers Bargaining power Threats from Substitutes Porterexplains that there are five forces inherent in a market, which will jointlydetermine the intensity of competition and profitability of BMW and theautomobile industry. The first is the threat posed by new entrants, the highcapital expenditure and confidence of customers represent significant barriersto entry and the market is also sensitive to reputation. However, the emergentof low cost manufactures do pose a significant threat (as illustrated by figure2). There is an opportunity in the low price/ low economy (fast) sector. MaybeHyundai or Daewoo could consider introducing a low cost sport saloon. The second is the threats from substitutes, as thereare many make and model of other premium branded cars, hence, Jaguar, MercedesBenz, Audi etc. The third force is the threats from the bargaining power ofbuyers, is this strong for both BMW and the entire automobile industry with alarge number of alternative suppliers, hence, the aggressive pricing strategy.This results in a very str ong competitive rivalry in the industry. This isintensified as a result of little or no differentiation in the basic productoffered. Finally the threats from the suppliers bargaining power, this isfairly low in the automobile industry, due to dual sourcing strategies, using arange of alternative sources of supply for parts. The five forces analysis gives an improved understandingof the degree of competition within the business environment. The analysisshows that the automotive industry is highly competitive, with buyerspossessing and exerting a very powerful influence to the large number ofsubstitute brands available to them. BMW Human Resources Policy In response to a changing business environment BMW isbeing more business and service focus. In the past decade the organisation hasbecome much more proactive, dealing with new concepts to become more serviceand customer focus oriented. The structure of the organisation has beenredefined to deal with the new ways of operating. Organisational structuredefines important relationship within the business for achieving businessobjectives. At the same time it helps to define the new business culture withinBMW. Culture exists with the minds and hearts of BMWs employees andcontributes to business strategies of the organisation. Therefore, BMWs humanresources policies are critical in the organisations structure, conduct andperformance. Competitive pressures on BMW and national economies haveincreased markedly in recent decades. Therefore, organisations are constantlychanging, as powerful entities have arisen at the international level, theEuropean Union being a good example and multinational corporations increasinglydominate particular sectors such as cars. New competitions are emerging andforcing older companies to adopt or reform to survive. Different structuresaffect the way in which human resources are managed. BMW like all otherbusinesses require the same basic human resources activities like recruitment,development and training, appraisal and reward systems, and control andfeedback mechanisms. Organisational structures are influenced by culture.Employees have strong feelings towards the organisations they work for. Germanfirms have inherently a flat, less rigid structures. The McKinsey 7 S modelis often used to identify all the areas that make up an organisation.Structure, Style, Staff are three such areas. BMW has an equal opportunities none sexual discriminatingculture within its organisation. BMW actively supports young female executivesand gives females insight into the field of technology. BMW also offersextensive training for all level of staffs; BMW Groups Trainee PromotionProgramme (TPP) provides the perfect combination of theoretical studies andpractical work. BMW Group trainees receive many benefits in addition to theirpay, other social payments such as holiday and Christmas bonuses, meal andtravelling expenses subsidies, health programme and PC training. BMW claims that it does not see its staff as a cost factorbut as an essential performance factor. Also the employees are referred to asassociates rather that works. BMW in its human resources policy states thatany policy that is not oriented towards its associates will lead to negativecost effects in the long-run. As a future-oriented company, we seek to pursue anexemplary, creative and associate-oriented human resources policy, makingsignificant contributions to business success through our human resourcesactivities. The human resources policy of the BMW Group is an integral featureof our overall corporate policy in both strategic and operative decisions. (Corporate appraisal (or SWOT analysis) consists of the internal appraisal ofthe organisations strength and weaknesses and an external appraisal of theopportunities and threats open to organisations in competition within industry.

Free Essays - Tale of Two Cities :: Tale Two Cities Essays

  Tale of two Cities      In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born in England on February 7, 1812 nears the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support him, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at the age of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859.   Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot.   One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot.

The Inertial Navigation System Engineering Essay

This study serves as a brief overview of Inertial pilotage Systems ( INS ) in regard of aircraft industry. Modern INS outdated all other pilotage systems so far. These consist of a set of gyros and accelerometers which measure the aircraft ‘s angular and additive gesture and work with a computer science system which computes aircraft ‘s header and attitude from the gyro and accelerometer end products, given that, initial place and speed of the aircraft are provided from another beginning. Different types of gyroscopes and accelerometers, followed by their mechanism, mistakes and the ways to get the better of those mistakes are explained in this study.IntroductionInertial pilotage is the procedure of set uping the place, speed, heading and attitude of a vehicle utilizing information derived from internal detectors. The operation of inertial detectors depends upon the Torahs of classical mechanics as formulated by Sir Isaac Newton which states that the gesture of a organic structure will go on uniformly in a consecutive line until disturbed by an external force moving on the organic structure. The jurisprudence besides tells us that this force will bring forth a relative acceleration of the organic structure. Inertial measurement units ( IMU ) normally contains three extraneous rate- gyroscopes and accelerometers mensurating angular speed and additive acceleration severally comparative to a known starting point, speed and orientation utilizing Newton ‘s jurisprudence. Hence, Inertial pilotage is the procedure whereby the measurings provided by gyroscopes and accelerometers are used to find the place of the vehicle in which they are installed. By uniting the two sets of measurings, it is possible to specify the translational gesture of the vehicle within the inertial mention frame and so to cipher its place within it. INS was foremost used on projectiles in the 1940 ‘s. In 1996, inertial pilotage systems were widely used in military vehicles. Many ships, pigboats, guided missiles, infinite vehicles and all modern military are equipped with INS due to its unsusceptibility.Inertial pilotage system agreementINS uses two types of constellation. The lone difference between them is the frame in which the detectors operate. Both of them are described below.Stabilised platformInertial pilotage engineering originally used stable platform techniques. In this constellation, inertial detectors are mounted on a platform. The platform is isolated from the rotational gesture of the vehicle utilizing a figure of gimbals arranged to supply at least three grades of rotational freedom. The motion of these gimbals is controlled by torsion motors. Those motors are activated by information provided by gyroscopes as it detects any platform rotary motion. Therefore, the platform is kept aligned with the planetary f rame. Figure 1: Writers illustration of block diagram of stabilized platformStrapdown systemsIn this system, the inertial detectors are strapped straight on the aircraft organic structure and are non isolated from its angular gesture. Therefore, gimballed platform is non required for this system. But, it uses a computing machine to set up and decide the inertial informations which reduces the mechanical complexness of the system.GyroscopeDefinitionA gyroscope is a device which acts as a revolving organic structure and therefore step or maintains orientation, based on the rules of preservation of angular impulse. It is used in assorted applications to feel either the angle turned through by an aircraft or more normally, its angular rate of bend about some defined axis. A modern gyroscope can carry through each of the undertakings stated below: Stabilization Autopilot feedback Flight way detector or platform stabilisation Navigation Figure 2: Writers illustration of gimballed gyroscope.Cardinal Principles:There are several phenomena on which the operation of gyroscope depends but it normally exhibits three cardinal belongingss, viz. gyroscopic inactiveness, angular impulse and precession.Gyroscopic Inertia:Gyroscopic inactiveness is cardinal to the operation of all whirling mass gyroscopes, as it defines a way in infinite that remains fixed in the inertial mention frame, that is, fixed in relation to a system of co-ordinates which do non speed up with regard to the ‘fixed stars ‘ . [ 1 ] The constitution of a fixed way enables rotary motion to be detected, by doing mention to this fixed way. The rotary motion of an inertial component generates an angular impulse vector which remains fixed in infinite, given flawlessness in the building of gyroscope.Angular impulse:Angular impulse is defined by the distribution of mass on a rotor every bit good as by its angular speed. The angular impulse ( H ) of a r evolving organic structure is the merchandise of its minute of inactiveness ( I ) and its angular speed ( I†° ) , that is, H = II†° Where I is the amount of the merchandises of the mass elements that make up the rotor and the square of their distances from the given axis.Precession:Precession is the rotary motion of the gimbals, comparative to inertial infinite. This rotary motion is produced jointly by the angular impulse of the revolving organic structure and the applied force. In the instance of a freely whirling organic structure, such as the Earth ( or the rotary motion of an electrostatic gyroscope ) , there is non a stuff frame with spin bearings. In this instance, the precession must be considered to be that of the axis system which an fanciful gimbal would hold – one axis through the North and south poles, and two reciprocally extraneous in the plane of the Equator.Mechanical Gyroscope:A mechanical gyroscope calculates orientation based on the rule of preservation of the angular impulse. The phonograph record is mounted on a frame to minimise the external minutes ( i.e. due to clash ) . This allow s the mark to turn around the phonograph record without doing any alteration in the way of its axis. The orientation of the mark so can be computed from the angles shown by rotational encoders mounted on the frame. Each gyroscope gives us one mention axis in infinite. At least two gyroscopes are needed to happen the orientation of an object in infinite. Figure 3: Writers illustration of mechanical gyroscope.Advantage & A ; disadvantages of mechanical gyroscopes:Main advantage of this trailing system is that it does non necessitate any external mention to work. [ 2 ] Because the axis of the revolving wheel Acts of the Apostless as the mention. The drawback of this system is its constellation. Because of the traveling parts doing clash, the inertial impulse of the wheel does non stay parallel to the axis of rotary motion. This causes a impetus in the way of the wheel axis with clip. Taking comparative measurings of the orientation instead than absolute measurings can minimise this impetus. As a effect, the system suffers from accrued numerical mistakes but a periodic re-calibration of the system will see, more truth over clip. Lubricants are used to minimise the clash which increase the cost of the device.Solid province gyroscopesThe term ‘Solid province ‘ bases for an electronic device in which the flow of electrical curr ent is through solid stuff and non through a vacuity. So solid province gyroscopes use flow of electric current through solid stuff to mensurate orientation of the affiliated object.Sagnac EffectDiscovered in 1913, the Sagnac consequence [ 3 ] found its first practical application several decennaries ago in the ring optical maser gyroscope ( RLG ) , now used extensively in commercial inertial pilotage systems for aircraft. But, since this execution requires high vacuity and preciseness mirror engineering, cost has been a factor restricting its application. ‘Sagnac consequence ‘ plays a critical function in solid province gyroscopes which is named after the Gallic physicist G.Sagnac. This states that the ensuing difference in the theodolite times for optical maser visible radiation moving ridges going around a closed way in opposite way is relative to the input rotary motion rate. Presents, tonss of solid province gyroscopes are being used in the industry. Largely used gyroscopes are described below: Fibre ocular gyroscopes ( FOG ) Fibre ocular gyroscopes sense angular gesture utilizing intervention of visible radiation. Such devices frequently use the seeable wavelengths, but it can besides run in the close infrared. It is dependent on the formation of a Sagnac interferometer [ 4 ] In its simplest signifier, visible radiation from a wide set beginning is split into two beams that propagate in opposite waies around an optical fiber spiral. These two beams are so combined at a 2nd beam splitter to organize an intervention form where the attendant strength is observed utilizing a photo-detector. The stage Figure 4: Writers illustration of FOG. displacement introduced due to the Sagnac consequence. They are combined when the beams exit the fiber. The ensuing stage difference consequences in a alteration in amplitude of the intervention form formed when the two beams are recombined. 3.4.2.1. Mistakes and mistakes decrease A prejudice or impetus occurs due to alterations in ambient temperature which cause a battalion of effects within the detector. To minimise this mistake, the enlargement coefficient of the fiber and the spiral former should be good matched otherwise differential emphasis will be induced by thermic enlargement which will ensue in measuring mistake. The presence of any isolated magnetic Fieldss can hold several inauspicious effects on the gyroscopes like interaction with non-optical constituents doing Faraday consequence which changes the province of polarisation of the visible radiation in optical fiber. Use of magnetic shielding can understate this job.Ringing optical maser gyroscopesA ring optical maser gyroscope wherein a first and a 2nd optical maser beam propagate with propagating waies different with each other comprises electrode countries on an optical wave guide configuring the ring optical maser and controls an current injected or a electromotive force applied to the electrode countries, wherein the hovering frequences of the first and 2nd optical maser beams are different from each other, thereby doing an addition and a lessening in the all in frequence enabling to observe the way and the velocity of a rotary motion at the same clip. With respects to a method for observing a rotary motion, the anode of the optical ma ser gyro is connected to an operational amplifier. Since the signal outputted from the operational amplifier has a frequence matching to the angular velocity, it is converted into the electromotive force by a frequency-voltage transition circuit so as to observe a rotary motion [ 5 ] .Mistakes and mistake decrease:The ‘Lock-in ‘ job should be overcome by the RLG which arises due to imperfectness in the lasing pit, chiefly in mirrors. It causes scale factor mistake which tends to draw the frequences of the two beams together at low rotary motion rates. If the input rate in the RLG beads below a threshold is known as ‘Lock-in rate ‘ . The two beams lock together at the same frequence ensuing zero end product and a dead zone. This lock-in dead zone is of the order of 0.01 to 0.1 /s compared with 0.01 /hr truth required for an INS. A really effectual method of get the better ofing this job is to automatically dither the optical maser block about the input axis at a typically frequence about 100 Hz with a peak speed of about 100 /s ( matching to amplitude of 1.5 arc 2nd about )Micro machined silicon gyroscopes ( MEMS )MEMS gyroscopes are introduced in the modern pilotage system due to their low production cost and really simple constellation. It is build on Coriolis consequence [ 6 ] saying that a object of mass m revolving at angular speed I†° traveling with speed V experiences a force, F= 2m ( I†° x V ) It contains vibrating elements to mensurate this consequence. A secondary quiver is induced along the perpendicular axis, when the gyroscope is rotated. The angular speed is calculated by mensurating this rotary motion.Mistakes and mistake decreaseThe major disadvantage of MEMS gyroscopes is that they are really less accurate than optical devices. As engineering improving, this gyroscope are going more and more accurate and dependable.AccelerometerDefinitionAs described before, INS relies upon the measuring of acceleration which can be determined by accelerometer. An accelerometer works on Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence of gesture. A force F moving on a organic structure of mass m causes the organic structure to speed up with regard to inertial infinite. This acceleration ( a ) is given by, F = mom = medium frequency + milligram Where degree Fahrenheit is the acceleration produced by forces other than gravitative field.Mechanical accelerometer:Mechanical accelerometers are chiefly mass – spring type devices. INS is utilizing these detectors for long clip. Different building techniques have been implied to utilize in different environments. Figure 5: Writers illustration of accelerometer.Operation ruleMechanical accelerometers can be operated in two different types of constellation: either open or closed cringle constellation.Open cringle constellationA proof mass is suspended in a instance and confined to a zero place by agencies of a spring. Additionally, muffling is applied to give this mass and spring system a realistic response matching to a proper dynamic transportation map. When the accelerations are applied to the instance of the detector, the cogent evidence mass is deflected with regard to its nothing or ‘null ‘ place and the attendant spring force provides the necessary acceleration of the cogent evidence mass to travel it with the instance. For a individual – axis detector, the supplanting of the proof mass with regard to its ‘null ‘ place within the instance is relative to the specific force applied along its input. A more accurate version of this type of detector is obtained by nulling the supplanting of the pendulum. , since ‘null ‘ place can be measured more accurately than supplantings.Closed cringle accelerometerThe spring is replaced by an electromagnetic device that produces a force on the cogent evidence mass to keep it at its ‘null ‘ place. Normally, a brace of spirals is mounted on the cogent evidence mass within a strong magnetic field. When a warp is sensed, an electric current is passed through the spirals in order to bring forth a force to return the cogent evidence mass to its ‘null ‘ place. Magnitude of the current in the spirals is relative to the specific force sensed along the input axis.MistakesAll accelerometers are subjected to mistakes which limit the truth of the force being measured. The major beginnings of mistake in mechanical mistakes are listed below: Fixed prejudice: this is a prejudice or supplanting from nothing on the measuring of specific force which is present when the applied acceleration is zero. Scale-factor mistakes: This is the mistake in the ratio of a alteration in the end product signal to a alteration in the input acceleration. Cross-coupling mistakes: These mistakes arise as a consequence of fabrication imperfectness. Erroneous accelerometer end products ensuing from accelerometer sensitiveness to accelerations applied normal to the input axis.Solid-state accelerometersDue to those mistakes of mechanical accelerometers, research workers are giving their best attempt to look into assorted phenomena to bring forth a solid-state accelerometer. They came up with assorted types of devices so far, among those surface acoustic moving ridge, Si and quartz devices ( Vibratory devices ) were most successful. Good things about these detectors are that they are little, rugged, dependable and convenient with strapdown applications. These three types of solid-state accelerometers are described below.Surface acoustic moving ridge ( SAW ) accelerometerThis is an open-loop instrument which consist of a piezoelectric vitreous silica cantilever beam [ 7 ] which is fixed at one terminal of the instance but chattel at the othe r terminal, where the cogent evidence mass is stiffly attached. The beam bends reacting to the acceleration applied along the input axis. Due to this, frequence of the SAW is changed. Acceleration can be determined by mensurating the alteration in frequence. Figure 6: Writers illustration of SAW accelerometer.Mistakes and mistake decrease:The effects of temperature and other effects of a temporal nature can be minimised by bring forthing the mention frequence from a 2nd oscillator on the same beam. Lock- in type effects are chiefly prevented by guaranting that this mention signal is at a somewhat different frequence from that used as the ‘sensitive ‘ frequence. [ 8 ]Silicon accelerometerSingle-crystal Si forms the frame, flexible joints and proof mass. Anodic adhering articulations this piece to metalized wafers which enclose the accelerometer and besides serve as electrodes for feeling proof mass gesture and for rebalancing. Electrostatic focus of the cogent evidence mass obviates the demand for magnetic stuffs and spirals. When the accelerometer is rebalanced utilizing electromotive force forcing, a possible is applied to the pendulum and to one or both electrodes. The electromotive force set up electric Fieldss that induce charge on the nonconducting pendulum. This causes a net force to move on the cogent evidence mass. Therefore, the force generated is a map of the square of the applied electromotive force and of the spread between the pendulum and the electrode .Vibratory devicesThese are open-loop devices which use quartz crystal engineering. They are consist of a brace of quartz crystal beams, each back uping a proof mass pendulum and are mounted symmetrically back-to-back. When an acceleration is applied, one beam is compressed while the other stretched. Figure 7: Writers illustration of Vibratory accelerometer. The tight beam experienced a lessening in frequence while the stretched one experience the antonym. The difference between these two frequence is straight relative to the acceleration applied.Mistakes and mistake decrease:Most of the mistakes of this detector can be minimized by planing carefully. Alternatively of utilizing one beam, several symmetrically arranged beams can cut down mistakes.DecisionHarmonizing to the informations collected within this study, it is clear to see the INS system has helped a batch towards the modernisation of pilotage system. Further betterment in MEMS engineering can open several doors in air power systems. Its high truth and ego contained rate made it immune to any obstruction. Inertial pilotage system has improved a batch in past 5 decennaries. It has helped the air power Industry to better pilotage system and therefore ease the responsibility of pilots.